The Symptoms of Internet Addiction

1. Clarity: Internet becomes the central to their lives in people who consult with internet addiction complaints.

2. Tolerance: The time of internet usage increases steadily since it becomes insufficient over time. It is the criterion that distinguishes internet addiction from excessive internet usage.

3. Change of Mood: Depression is about overcoming the negative emotions such as feeling worthless, running away the stress of life, aiming at surge of adrenaline.

4. Loss of Control: It is the loss of control over their behavior due to addiction, and therefore it has negative consequences for social life.

5. Deprivation: Interruption of internet usage can cause the deprivation symptoms. The person who needs the internet to secrete dopamine can experience various symptoms during the abstinence process, from depressive mood to tremors, sweating, digestive system problems, just like with substance abuse.

A study comparing extreme online gaming with the use of amphetamines found that they act in parallel in terms of neurochemical.

6. Denial and Secretion: People are in tendency to secrete their internet usage, and they often do not accept that they can't cope with their addictions.

7. Problems and Conflict: The Internet addiction can lead to physical, psychological and interpersonal problems. For example, vitamin deficiency, illnesses caused by inadequate self-care, depressed mood, weakened social connections.

8. Relapse: The relapse that is seen in people who consult with internet addiction complaints should not have the opinion that it is a failure, in fact, it is a deviation. The relapse, too, is the part of recovery.

The Risk Factors of Internet Addiction

1. Age: When children are exposed to the internet at a very early age, it increases the likelihood of developing an addiction in later ages. Similarly, adolescents who have not yet completed identity-building are also learning to build their identity via the Internet and to use the Internet to learn how to govern their emotions. Although adults use it more to escape the difficult issues of everyday life, they have more to lose than other age groups (work, marriage, etc.).

2. Gender: The internet addiction is more common when it comes to men. It is put forward that the reason is that they do not pay attention to social activities such as talking as much as women do. The fact that men who are unable to meet their needs in society, such as being strong, are able to do this in online games also increases their likelihood of addiction.

The Treatment of Internet Addiction

Although there is insufficient literature research on the treatment of Internet addiction, some studies have investigated the relationship between internet addiction and variables such as time spent online, depression, anxiety, adaptation to treatment, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychopharmacology. Studies have shown that there is no significant difference between psychological and pharmacological therapies, and there is also no meaningful difference between CBT and other psychological interventions. It is shown that psychopharmacology and CBT combination have the most powerful effect.

Reference

Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. (2020). Psikoterapide internet bağımlılığı. (Çev. A. Koruyucu). Ayrıntı Yayınevi. (Orijinal yayın tarihi 2015).

According to the relationships established in adulthood, there are three attachment types by Ainsworth: secure attachment, anxious attachment, and avoidant attachment. However, in the subsequent years, a fourth attachment type was defined as disorganized attachment.

• Secure Attachment: It is the desired type of attachment. This attachment identifies the bond established with their Caregivers, that children growing up in an accepting environment and  with positive parental attitudes. These children play games with their Caregivers and trust them.They feel more comfortable when it comes to reflecting their feelings and separating from parents.They can have the ability of trusting others and respecting themselves. These children are people who can empathize, maintain their boundaries and respect the relationships they have established as adults. They trust their partner: they can be in a stable relationship, but they are not dependent on their partner. They are not afraid of rejection. They can have a close and meaningful relationships.

•  Anxious Attachment: It is the one of the insecure attachment types. The caregiver sometimes responses to all of the child's necessity, but sometimes ignores the child's necessity like a completely neglectful parent. In return, the child is concerned about the inconsistent caregiver when and how to respond to their necessity. This anxiety includes the fear of abandonment and rejection. As a result of this inconsistency behaviours of the caregiver and his/her concerns, the child can neither fully approach the caregiver nor move away from him/her.They have low self-confidence. They are constantly dependent on others and in need of approval. They experience insecurity and jealousy in their relationships. They have difficulty in being alone, so they maintain even negative relationships. They can not set boundaries for their partners and they need their approval because of the fear of abondonment. They do not consider themselves worthy of being loved since their self-confidence and self-esteem are low. They put the blame on themselves for the problems they experience in their relationships.

• Avoidant Attachment: The caregiver is unconcerned and distant. Even if the caregiver ignored the child's needs, he-she remained unresponsive. The child is unresponsive to the absence or presence of the caregiver. They have difficulty in establishing emotional and physical intimacy with others and therefore they prefer to be alone rather than establishing stable relationships. They want to be independent, they think they do not need the support of others. They put up a wall against others. They have an independent structure in their relationships. They may experience confidence problems and they can be abandoned easily. They can not have a deep romantic relationships and tends to run away. They have difficulty in expressing their feelings. In general, they have problems in their interpersonal relationships.

• Disorganized Insecure Attachment: It may come in sight as a result of abuse, neglect, and exposure to violence in childhood. Actually, it is the fear of caregiver. Inconsistencies can be seen in anxiety control. They are unable to get through stress, and they are anxious about rejection despite of willingness to have close relationships. The caregiver may have a psychiatric disorder (e.g., bipolar). It is a rather unhealthy type of the attachment. The child is in a mess. The parental figure seems unreliable and fear-anxiety-inducing. He or she may have difficulty in controlling and coping problems in the adulthood. They may be inclined to crime. The use of drugs and alcoho is also common. They have problems in their social life. Their feelings towards their partner are unstable. There is a lack of emotional regulation skills. While they avoide emotional intimacy because they are sure of rejection by others, they can also be overly dependent, demanding constant attention in the close relations and they can become a person who loses control when there is something they do not want to.

As you can see, our attachment types are the determinant of how we will be and the roles we will acquire in the relationships we establish today. But of course, we don't have to base all our problems on them and accept by saying ‘’I'm like that, I can't change that,’’. It is seen by researches that this situation can be reversed with the environmental events and pathologies experienced by a person who is securely attached in childhood.Therefore, someone who attaches insecure also discovers the attachment type and goes over it; if necessary, by taking psychotherapy, it can be attached safely in adult life, on the contrary.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is known as unwanted repetitive  behaviours, intrusive involvement in the life of the individual, difficult to prevent impulses, obsessions that mean thoughts, and repetitive behaviors that the individual feels obliged to do despite his/her obsessions, seriously impairing his/her functionality, with the existence of compulsion. (DSM-5 APA, 2013)

 Obsessions are often characterized by situations like smearing something, recurring doubts, thoughts of harming oneself or another, symmetry problems, excessive handling of sexual issues, and fear of getting dirty. For example, a woman who thinks that the house cannot be cleaned when a guest comes to her house from outside or a man who thinks that he will constantly harm himself or someone else in his mind can be given as an example. Compulsions are more likely to occur through behavior. For example, washing and cleaning something tons of times, performing behaviors in a repetitive way, counting, organizing, accumulating, and controlling things frequently are the most common compulsions (Karslıoğlu and Yüksel, 2007). In addition, some thoughtful behavioral and rituals can be defined as compulsion.

 Diagnostic Criteria

According to DSM-5, OCD is under the title of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders.

    A.    The existence of obsessions, compulsions or coexistence of both Obsessions

Compulsions are defined in two ways:

Factors causing obsessive-compulsive disorder include temperament factors, environmental factors, genetic and physiological factors. Heredity also plays a significant role in the emergence of the disease. In addition, it can be said that loss, disaster, traumatic experiences have an effect on the emergence of the disease.  (Çataloluk ve Karaaziz, 2023). In the case of OCD, there is excessive activation in certain parts of the brain. In addition, men suffer from OCD at an earlier age than women.

Treatment

OCD can be controlled with some psychiatric medications. These drugs are intended to increase serotonin levels. Therapy sessions can be conducted in patients to overcome obsessions and compulsions by Cognitive behavioral therapy. Patients can face these obsessive behaviors through the therapy.

References

Karslıoğlu, E. H., & Yüksel, N. (2007). Obsesif kompulsif bozukluğun nörobiyolojisi. Klinik Psikiyatri, 10 (3), 3-13.

Çataloluk, A., & Karaaziz, M. (2023).  Obsesif Kompulsif Bozukluğun Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi Yaklaşımı ile Tedavisi: Olgu Sunumu. Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 6 (6), 781-793.

Yılmaz, B. (2018). Obsesif Kompulsif Bozukluk Tedavisinde Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Lectio Scientific, 2(1), 21-42. 

Analysis
In the film in which Zimbardo's ‘Stanford Prison Experiment’ was adapted for the cinema, the participants who voluntarily participated in the experiment for money were divided into prisoners and guards. In selecting participants, individuals were asked questions about absolute right-wrong by trying to predict who and how they could be when it comes to moral and social conditions, and the results determined whether individuals would be prisoners or guards. So that prisoners play their roles, they were taken from their homes and brought to prison as if they were real criminals. In order to ensure the reality and natural conditions in the experiment, the environment is just like a prison, and the participants' clothes are suitable for the prison environment. All of this has increased the 
experimental reality, and therefore the speed at which participants can get involved in their roles and social impact. Also, the guards were also given rules; they were told that they could give prisoners proportionate punishment without resorting to violence and that they should call the prisoners by their numbers. We see that they are trying to ignore their personality and identity by fitting prisoners only with a number. On the first day of the experiment, head guard Barris was embarrassed by what was done to Travis, whom he met before the experiment; the prisoners could not take on their roles and laughed, realizing that they were in an experiment. Therefore, this situation shows that the participants have still not internalized their roles and have not yet been caught up in the social impact. 
From the point of view of roles, the guards are the ones who are in a strong position. Although they know that this is an experiment, the scenes in which they are entering the magical world of power and their roles, increasing the desire to establish authority, and carrying out horrifying torture of prisoners. But it should be remembered that we humans obey when we feel safe and believe that it is right. The prisoners had agreed to participate in the experiment because they had received assurances that they would not be harmed. However, the guards are trying to cross the border, threaten the security of the prisoners and intimidate them by putting pressure on them. Thereupon, the prisoners, especially Travis, turn to revolt and rebellion against the guards and the experiment. Now guards are responsible for providing authority in their prisons, but prisoners are not criminals, so they are tended to resist efforts to provide this authority. Because of the humiliating and degrading behavior of the guards towards the prisoners, the prisoners feel inferior. And it was this dangerous feeling that caused things to go off the rails. We people don't want to feel inferior, we do not let our pride and honor to be harmed by someone else, and we move away from our personality by acting on our impulse to oppose it. The most important conflict in the film is war and the fact that the prisoner Travis, who does not like fighting, does not accept his role as a rebel and Barris who is mild, silent and suppressed by his mother takes his role as authoritative guard. In the following scenes, the rate of torture and violence by the guards increases gradually to suppress the resistance of the prisoners. Here, the idea is that the way to prevent and suppress problems must be suppressed with disproportionate force and violence. We can also say that the fact that there are leaders of the parties in this pattern of pressure and resistance refers to the need for a leader in order to ensure group dynamics and guide people. The camera which is inside the prison was important for both sides. While the prisoners saw the camera as a guarantee because they thought they were being watched from that camera and thus the experiment would end if they were subjected to violence, the camera was a threat for the guards because it created a fear that the experiment would end by seeing their violence. However, although the guards the fact that violence goes beyond the rule of "proportional violence" and becomes completely disproportionate, and the fact that no sanctions have been imposed by the perpetrator, makes things very unusual. At the end of all this, the extent of the violence experienced and applied increased so much that one participant lost his life. Then the experiment ended.

To summarize briefly; the film experiment shows successfully how obedience and authority affect and change people. I can say that through the film plays, I felt as if I was convict and involved in the movie thanks to camera angels, light and acting. However, the fact that there is so much violence and chaos in the film was extremely uncomfortable and tense when I was watching the film. If you want to see how much individuals have changed when it comes to authority and obedience, and you're not bothered by violent movies, you can definitely give the movie a chance.

REFERENCES
http://www.dibace.net/sineyorum/the-experiment-kontrolden-cikan-bir-grupinsan/Akbaş,E.( 20.08.2021).The Experiment: Kontrolden Çıkan Bir Grup 
İnsan.dibace.net. http://www.dibace.net/sineyorum/the-experiment-kontroldencikan-bir-grup-insan/
Karaoglu, Ş. (10.10.2018). FİLM İNCELEMESİ: THE EXPERIMENT (2010). Sanatla Art.
https://www.sanatlaart.com/film-incelemesi-the-experiment-2010/
Topsakal,A.(04.02.2021) The Experiment Filminin Sosyal Psikolojik Açıdan İncelenmesi. Artvin 
Üniversitesi PDRMER. https://pdrmer.artvin.edu.tr/tr/fotohaber/the-experiment-filminin-sosyalpsikolojik-acidan-incelenm

The secondary memory is Short-term memory. The information is kept for 15-30 seconds. It can hold up to 5-7 pieces of limited information. Thanks to methods such as continuous repetition – for example, constantly repeating a phone number in order not to forget it at that moment and keeping it in our minds for a while - and clustering – remembering similar pieces of information by clustering them – it can be extended for a while for the information, the image to remain in the short-term memory.

The Repetition also helps information move and store into long-term memory. In this way, information moves from short-term memory to long-term memory. Long-term memory can hold a lot of information for many years and acts as an archive. The information stored here is removed from the archive to recall when necessary. Long-term memory is divided into as explicit and implicit memory. We consciously remember our information in the explicit memory. The Explicit memory consists of episodic memory and information, which includes personal experiences, and semantic memory, which includes phenomena. The information in our semantic memory also affects our episodic memory.

In implicit memory, which is another part of long-term memory, is divided into Preparation Memory, Operational Memory, and Conditioning. Procedural Memory contains information on how skills and tasks will be. It is also referred to as Skill memory. It allows us to display our skills without thinking. For example, the ability of riding a bicycle. We don't relearn cycling every time because the skill is enrolled in procedural memory. Well-learned procedural require no attention for memory and skills, and action is automatized. Preparation is when the response to a previously exposed reaction changes the response to another reaction. Finally, conditioning refers to classical conditioning. That is, a neutral stimulus that previously had no effect acquires new properties when paired with a new stimulus that causes a response.

Memory can be damaged in many diseases such as Alzheimer's, depression, schizophrenia and OCD. Many brain regions, including the hippocampus, play an active role in memory cognition.

As we understand from Elizabeth Loftus's car accident experiment, memory cognition, which is very important for our lives, may not be as perfect in healthy people as we think. We can remember as if we've done a lot of things we haven't done, we have had the childhood memories we didn't live through. This can cause major problems not only in our daily life, also in matters such as witnessing in judicial processes.

REFERENCES

E. Bruce Goldstein, (2004). Cognitive Psychology. Cengage Learning 3rd ed.

F. Sayar (2011).Autobiagraphic Memory and Variables Affecting Autobiographical Memory. The Social Science Journal.

Ali Osman E., Mustafa C., Sibel G. (2008). Long Term Memory and Learning. The Social Science Journal.

What Are the Main Factors Underlying Sibling Jealousy?

The concept of jealousy, which we encounter this concept as an extremely natural emotion, stems from the inability of a loved one to be shared with another and basically insecurity. This makes the child uncomfortable. The reason for this is a natural discomfort from the fact that the interest and attention towards him/her until then will be directed to his/her brother/sister. The fact that the sibling is born and the time given to him/her is limited may cause feelings of anger, resentment, etc. in the child, which are perceived as towards the baby but actually towards the parents. The child begins to feel abandoned, insecure, and unsupported.

The measure of jealousy between siblings is related to the tolerance for the birth of a new child and the change in parental attitudes, the established communication between the older child and the parents, and whether the child has a negative impact on the baby.

Another factor affecting the degree of jealousy is the age difference between siblings. The feeling of jealousy happens more in siblings with a low age difference than in siblings with a high age difference.

The environmental factor also plays an important role in jealousy. Other individuals or relatives in the environment may also cause some negative thoughts. Comparing children with each other, gifts for the newborn baby, making praises, and constantly taking care of him/her are among the approaches that have a negative effect. They can cause children to compete with each other and feel anger.

Some changes may also occur according to the gender factor; especially if families have gender preferences and show this, it is inevitable to experience jealousy according to gender.

Symptoms of Sibling Jealousy

It consists of a combination of complex emotions such as self-pity, sadness, fear of humiliation, boredom, anger, hatred and the desire to feel love, protection and closeness along with the thought of taking revenge. The most effective of these emotions are anger, self-pity and sadness.

While the child sees himself/herself as the center of love and attention at home until that day, he/she suddenly feels pushed to the second plan. The child now has to share the love and care of his/her parents and other relatives with his/her brother/sister. With the thought that he/she is not loved, he/she may completely get away from the mother, withdraw into himself/herself, start not eating or even lose weight.

They try to attract the attention of their parents by using nightmares trick or the arrival of their toilets as an excuse. With behaviors such as bed wetting, thumb sucking, etc., regression to previous developmental stages may occur.

They become very aggressive both during the day and at night. They have a tense appearance, have difficulty calming down, and may sometimes approach the people around them with anger. They can show aggression towards oneself or objects.

Along with the refusal to leave the home (for example, not wanting to go to school), psychosomatic reactions such as headache, nausea, etc. (physical examination should be performed to determine its accuracy), restlessness, reluctance and other signs of stress can often be observed.

The birth of a new sibling causes the child to experience contradictory emotions such as interest and protection, distress and jealousy. The thought that she will no longer be loved as she used to be may begin while the mother is still in pregnancy. Recently, when the mother is tired, reluctant and busy with the preparation of the new future sibling, it may cause the child to become grumpy and not want to leave the mother.

What Can Be Done to Prevent Sibling Jealousy:

It can be stated with a suitable language that a new member will join the family before the sibling is born, the environment at home may be more exciting and different than usual, for example, guests may come to the house frequently, the mother may be both tired and have to spend more time with the baby, and the reason for this is that a small baby has needs, but the same process is experienced when he/she is born and everything will be in order again in time. Thus, the child will feel more ready psychologically. It should not be waited until the last time to tell them.

First of all, you should relax, children are affected by the behavior of adults around them. If you are worried about how the older child will react to his/her sibling, this will be reflected in your child.

Do not use words that the child cannot embody. Although the sentence "Do not worry, we will love you as much as we love the baby" seems to be well-meaning, it causes the child to compete with the sibling for the love of his parents.

During pregnancy, his/her father or another family member (grandmother, grandmother) may try to feed, bathe and put him/her to sleep related to the care of the older child. Thus, when the mother is in the hospital or taking care of the baby, the child does not feel as if he/she is in the background and does not think that his/her life has changed.

Parents should make an effort to take care of both their children by dividing work among themselves. After the child's sibling is born, he/she needs to spend time with both parents in order not to feel isolated and excluded.

Your parents should make the child feel the message that your sibling is born, but there is no change for you, there is no decrease or change in our love for you, not only with words but also with their behavior. This is only possible by continuing to spare time for the child, communicating with him/her, participating in joint activities with him/her and giving him/her responsibility.

An effort should be made to spend quality time with the jealous child when possible, and he/she should be allowed to realize the habit he/she enjoyed doing before. Activities such as going to the playground they have previously realized with their new brother, reading stories after dinner, etc. should not be terminated suddenly. Thus, the child will not end his/her self-confidence by seeing that he/she has not lost his/her status.

Instead of showing too much love to the newborn sibling, it would be right to aim to share the love that is already there from the first moment. Immediately after showing love to the baby, trying to do the same love to the child in panic, making such attempts will cause the naturalness to be lost and the child will get the wrong idea that he/she is loved because he/she has to, etc.

Even the guests who come to the house only show the behavior of taking care of the baby and forgetting the older child. It will be beneficial to express that their relatives are not only interested in the baby, but also to show interest and love to the older child as they are used to, and to warn them about paying attention to what is being talked about the younger child when they are with the older child.

Instead of constantly calling the baby "baby", starting to say its name directly reminds the baby that it is a living being, not an object. Addressing the baby as "ours" rather than "mine" and shaping the child's life according to the baby with words such as "Be quiet, your sibling is asleep" will increase jealousy.

Trying to distance the child from the baby with excessive anxiety is one of the biggest mistakes that can be made. On the contrary, they should be motivated to touch the baby, take on tasks in care and spend time with him/her in order to create a relationship between them.

Too much tolerance of the child so that he/she does not get jealous will make the situation worse. For example, the child who previously slept alone should not be allowed to sleep with his or her parents. Too much attention shown to the child so that he/she does not get jealous may cause his/her sibling to be jealous of him/her this time.

It should be explained in a clear language that it will not be allowed to harm the baby. If the child has harmed his sibling, he should be treated with the awareness that this seemingly very bad behavior is nothing more than a bit of hostile scrutiny, not to actually harm the baby. The important thing here is not to react too much, he warns without getting angry by reacting politely (otherwise he may continue this behavior to make him angry). Whether the child gets the message or not, it would be the right option not to leave the two siblings alone.

Support may be requested from the child in jobs related to the baby. For example, the older child can be supported in activities such as the baby giving his/her diaper while changing his/her diaper, the bottle getting cold, choosing toys or clothes, and fixing the baby's room.

Rather than rejecting and ignoring negative feelings towards the sibling, one should try to recognize them by accepting them and allow them to express negative feelings.

Avoid comparisons between siblings. However, it can be conveyed that the child that his/her child was once a small baby in the past and that the same care and attention was given to him/her. Showing shrunken clothes and baby photos, talking about the times when he/she was a baby and his/her cute behaviors can make him/her feel better.

It should not be said that there is an obligation to love her/his sibling. It should not go unnoticed that she/he is still a child, waiting for maturity above her/his age by saying "You are now your sister/brother".

Instead of showing that your love is equal, it would be right to make each child feel differently, that only he or she is shown special love.

Instead of trying to allocate equal time, it is necessary to allocate time to each child according to their own needs. It should be pointed out that the baby is too young to meet his/her own needs, so he/she needs more attention.

It may be beneficial to be able to separate the clothes that his/her brother/sister can wear and the toys that he/she can play with, but he/she should not have difficulty in what he/she does not want to give. Giving a favorite toy to his/her sibling can upset the child and trigger his/her jealousy.

The feeling that the family is a whole should make them understand by everyone. For this reason, activities that the whole family can do together, such as strolling, picnic, shopping, watching movies, etc. should be given the opportunity.

If the parents communicate with the child as much as possible, if they engage in joint activities together, if the child is given small responsibilities related to his/her sibling and the house, the child will still feel safer and still loved, and that he/she is a person who is cared for.

It is necessary not to be an arbitrator in children's fights. When parents are involved in children's discussions, each of the children thinks that their parents are on the side of the other. This situation leads to an increase in competition. The older sibling hates the younger sibling who can provide the protective support of the parents. No matter how much the parents try to be impartial, this does not benefit them, so the siblings must resolve their disagreements themselves. Except when there is physical violence, it is beneficial for parents not to intervene in solving the problem.

It is not necessary to ask who started the problem. Because trying to find out who started the incident causes children to blame each other. By drawing attention to the fact that each child has a share in the beginning of the fight, it is necessary to ensure that they bear the consequences jointly.

No matter how intense the jealousy and incompatibility between siblings are, they experience a feeling of longing much when they are separated from each other. This shows that even if you think that their relationship is sometimes very broken, they actually love each other very much.

 REFERENCES

·         (MEB, 2021). Guidance Service Brochure. Ornekkoyocalgirayilkokulu. In the text (MoNE, 2021, S,y.)