Klein settled in Budapest after her marriage. This city became the turning point of his life because it was here that he met Ferenczi, who was one of Freud's close circle. Ferenczi, known as the father of psychoanalysis, initially met with Klein for therapeutic purposes, and then allowed Klein to move his interest in psychology beyond a hobby. Ferenczi suggested that Klein analyze his own children, Klein definitely made an introduction to psychoanalysis with this suggestion. Later, he had the opportunity to listen to Freud in Budapest and wrote his first article on child case analysis. Melanie Klein was accepted as a member of the Psychoanalysis Association. He presented his own son Erich's analysis under a different name. He attracted the attention of Ernest Jones with his congresses and activities and moved to London with his invitation.

Klein is referred to as the founder of the theory of object relations. In Klein's theory, there is an association from the moment the child is born, and the importance of the object is in question. What Klein based on was the relationship between the mother's breast and the child. According to Klein, the baby creates its own reality at first. He cannot perceive reality as adults perceive it, and his first reality is completely imaginary. This imaginary object is the mother's breast. The first internal object with which the baby is associated establishes its relationship with the mother's breast. The ego exists from the moment the child is born and is subjected to development. Klein emphasizes the importance of the first 4-6 months after childbirth. Due to the inability of the child to express his own associations, the free play technique is used. He leaves the game to the child and the child chooses the toy. He plays effectively with the child, but the child also positions himself.

The Concept of Good Breast- Bad Breast
According to Klein, the first object that the baby associates with is the mother's breast. This first relationship determines how their future relationship will be shaped. Junky breasts are experienced by the baby as an object that does not give pleasure, distracts from pleasure. Junky breasts are experienced by the baby as an object that does not give pleasure. The baby feels anger towards this object that does not provide him with satisfaction. A good breast, on the other hand, is experienced as an object that feeds the baby and meets its needs. The baby sees a good breast as a protector and wants to protect it himself. A bad breast, on the other hand, raises the issues of abandonment of the baby, being left alone. The baby feels the desire to destroy, destroy the bad breast. The baby, who experiences the breast as such a rich, nutritious, perceives it as a powerful object. And the bad breast thinks that he is saving the milk for himself. The baby feels “envy” towards the bad breast and wants to be destructive towards the breast. Because according to the baby, the bad breast object keeps its satiety to itself and leaves the baby hungry. Babies feel dependent on their mother to meet their needs. She also meets her security needs through her mother. Over time, the baby realizes that mom is an object that communicates with dad, other siblings, the environment, and that she is not the only person he is interested in. The division of interests and resources reveals a feeling of “jealousy” in the baby.

The concept of "location"
Klein says that according to the object relations theory, infancy was spent in paranoid schizoid and depressive positions. These locations have their own characteristics, defense mechanisms and internal object relationships. The position gained does not stay forever, returns can be experienced.

Paranoid-Schizoid Position: As soon as the baby is born, he experiences himself with evil and destructive objects. This is not a tolerable situation. It is more tolerable to have these evil objects outside than to have evil objects inside oneself, and therefore, in order to get rid of baby anxiety, it tries to remove the aggression and bad sides of itself that it does not want inside itself by projecting them onto the breast.

Depressed Position: In this position, the baby now begins to distinguish what is his own dream, what is reality, and to see the mother as a whole. The paranoid-schizoid position decreases. He experiences the mother as an object who both loves and deprives himself of the breast. The baby begins to feel guilty in a depressed position because of the damage he has caused to the good breast. Because this object that he damaged is now both a good and an evil object.

Skinner, 1922'de New York'taki Hamilton Koleji'ne girdi ve burada lisans eğitimini İngiliz Edebiyatı alanında tamamladı. Genç yaşlarından itibaren şiir ve nesirle ilgilendi. Lisans eğitimi sırasında katıldığı seminerler ve aldığı derslerle yazar olma yolunda ilerlediğini kanıtladı. Mezun olduğu bir sonraki eve döndü ve kendisini çatıdan uzaklaştırarak ilk profesyonel edebi çabalarına başladı. Bu dönemde "Kara Yıl" olarak anılan Skinner, birkaç gazete haberinin ötesine geçemedi. Bu arada okumaya devam etti, okuduğu romanlardaki karakterleri analiz etti ve bazı çalışmalar buldu, böylece psikolojiye olan ilgisi arttı. Ancak Skinner'ın dönüm noktası bu değildi. Kısa bir süre çalışmak için girdiği kitapçıda Pavlov ve GB by HG Wells. Shaw hakkındaki makaleyle karşılaşmasını ve dolayısıyla davranışçılık ekolünü bir dönüm noktası olarak görüyor. Daha sonra 1928'de Harvard'da yüksek psikolojiye başladı. Ardından 1931'de Harvard'da doktorasını alan Skinner, 1936'da bu kurumda asistan oldu. 1948'de Harvard'a dönene kadar Minnesota ve Indiana Üniversitelerinde ders verdi. bu derslerde kullanılmış ve 1953 yılında Bilim ve İnsan Davranışı adı altında kitap olarak yayınlanmıştır.

Davranışçı ekolü benimseyen Skinner, yayımladığı iki yüzden fazla makale ve yirmiden fazla kitapla psikolojiye önemli katkılarda bulunmuştur. Bu bağlamda pek çok deneme yapılmış ve başta edimsel tümceler olmak üzere birçok kavramla özdeşleştirilmiştir. Hayatının son anına kadar devam eden Skinner, 18 Ağustos 1990'da lösemiden öldü.

Skinner, insan davranışının nedenlerinin tamamen dış incelemeye bağlı olduğuna ve bu kişiyi anlamanın ancak büyük ölçüde nedene ait olabileceğine işaret eder. Özgür iradenin ve hayali içsel beklentilerin bir yanılsama olduğunu bir kez daha savundu. Davranışçı ekolün temelinin davranışın davranışı olması gerektiğini vurgulayan Skinner, bu fikrin özgür iradeyi çürüttüğünü tespit eder.

Skinner, hayvanlarını inceleyerek insan elini anlamlandırmayı amaçladı. Bu amaca ulaşmak için köpek ve güvercin gibi hayvanları içeren birçok deney üzerinde çalıştı. Bu deneylerden en bilineni Skinner's Box (Yorum Deneyi)'dir. Davranışsal öğrenmenin hayatındaki en önemli çalışmalarından biri olarak kabul edilir. Edimsel koşullanma kavramını psikoloji literatürüne kazandırmış ve daha sonra yapılacak eylemleri gerçekleştirme aşamasına geçmiştir. Skinner aracılığıyla, "Radikal davranışçılık" olarak bilinen ayrı bir psikoloji okulu kurdu.

Hayatı boyunca birçok çalışmaya imza atan Skinner, onlarca ödüle layık görülmüş ve eğitmen olarak psikoloji alanında derin izler bırakmıştır. 20. yüzyılın en önemli psikologlarından biri olarak kabul edilir.

At the age of 11, he left his hometown and was sent to a high school in Basel, and both the new city and the school he attended were a shocking experience for Jung. The fact that the financial situation of the people here was quite good enabled him to realize how poor they were and to see his parents from a different perspective and to understand the troubles and sorrows of his family.

Jung found religion classes boring and mathematics too incomprehensible. Injured in an argument with a friend at school, Jung was happy that he would not go to school again, so that he could return to his inner world until he recovered. However, Jung's fainting spells worried his family a lot. Understanding his father's thought that it would be a disaster if this child was unable to work, Jung realized the seriousness of the situation and began to study. She returned to school a few weeks later and never had a fainting spell again. Thus, in his later years, he discovered his own neurosis and used the way he found himself to cope with his patients.

Jung, who was too busy with philosophy and religion in his high school years, continued his medical education in the following years at university and made his specialty in psychiatry.

Having received his medical doctorate degree, Jung began working with E. Bleuler, who first coined the term "schizophrenia" at the Burghölzi Psychiatric Hospital and is known for his work on this disorder. He developed the word association test. He later married Emma Rauschenbach in 1903. Emma was very helpful in Jung's work and learned to apply Jung's therapy method. The thoughts he expressed in his book "The Psychology of Dementia Praecox", which he wrote on schizophrenia in 1906, were not received positively like Freud's thoughts, but this is how he met Freud. Subsequently, Freud secured Jung's election as president when the International Psychoanalytical Association was founded. Freud even saw Jung as his heir. However, later on, Jung realized his disagreements with Freud and began to express them. Their relationship, which lasted 6 years until he criticizes Freud's theory in his work titled "Psychology of the Unconscious", ended in 1913 when they broke away from each other completely.

The book in which Jung tells his autobiography (Memories, Dreams, Thoughts) begins with the sentence "Life is a story in which the unconscious realizes itself."

After the death of his wife in 1955, Jung spent his last days at home with his relatives and died in the town where he was born on June 6, 1961.

REFERENCES

İnanç, B.; Yerlikaya, E., (2022), Kişilik Kuramları (Theories of Personality), (18.baskı), Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık, Ankara.

Another issue that we will discuss in this article is the relationship between Adler and Freud.

Their relationship began when Freud invited Adler and three other doctors to a discussion group. The group, which came together on the famous Wednesdays and discussed the subject of psychoanalysis, later turned into an association. Adler, on the other hand, joined this group thinking that he could discuss different points of view. He never saw Freud as a mentor. He thought that he would also contribute to psychoanalysis and that his ideas would be accepted by Freud. Adler was appointed as the head of the association in 1910, but later on, the differences of opinion between Freud and Adler began to appear and increased over time. Finally, at a meeting, Adler and Freud realized that their views were very different from each other. Later, Adler resigned from his presidency and left the association with nine members who left with him, and they founded the "Free Psychoanalysis Association". The reason they thought of this name was to prevent Freud from owning psychoanalysis alone, but later Adler chose a name that was more in line with his own views and named it "Individual Psychology".

Adler and Freud's relationship did not end only because of differences of opinion. In fact, it is clear that they are not suitable for each other in terms of their characters. In short, they don't actually like each other. So much so that when Adler passed away, he used very harsh words about Freud and openly expressed how much he disliked Freud.

For Adler, the years after leaving the association were very productive and the "Individual Psychology" association he founded also grew rapidly.

Adler married Raissa Epstein, an independent and freedom-loving woman. Like his wife, Adler is also a feminist and socialist. Raissa and Adler had four children, two of whom were psychiatrists and one chose to become an actress, and the other died while a political prisoner in the Soviet Union.

Adler, a generally healthy person (except in childhood), had a lot of concerns about the fate of his daughter who disappeared in Moscow and started to suffer from chest pains. Adler's theory continues to be popularized by a wide variety of institutions and publications today.