The starting point of this experiment: "Does the obedient individual see himself as a subject responsible for his behavior?". Here, authority, obedience and conscience are at the forefront, as well as learning and memory. Milgram conducted his experiment in a special department of Yale University. He found his subjects from newspaper advertisements. Because he did not look for any characteristics in his subjects.  In his first experiment, he included men between the ages of 20-25 and did not tell the participants the main purpose of the experiment. He told them that he was investigating "the effects of punishment on learning" and started the experiment. In the first stage, "teacher and student" were selected by a lottery with the other participant. However, the other participant was part of the experimental group and was written as a teacher on both papers. So the subject will be chosen for any kind of teacher role. Thus, the real subject was the "teacher" and the member of the experimental group was the "student".  After the lottery, the teacher and the student were taken to different rooms where they could not see each other but could only hear each other's voices. 

During the experiment, the teacher gave the student a list of words to learn and memorize, and for each incorrect answer, the teacher administered a progressively increasing electroshock to the student. However, the student (the collaborator) was not actually given an electroshock, but a recorded electroshock and a screaming sound from a voice recorder to make the teacher believe. Each time the level of the electroshock and the sound of screaming was increased. The electroshock level was even increased up to 450 volts. Some subjects asked for the experiment to stop, but were warned by the experimenters to continue. If the subject insisted on quitting after 4 warnings, the experiment was stopped; if they continued, it was stopped after 3 consecutive applications of 450 volts.

RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT

In the Milgram experiment, despite the sounds of screaming, pain and crying, no one stopped applying the electroshock before 300 volts. Although all of the subjects stopped at some point and questioned the experiment, they decided to continue the experiment after the warnings. It was even observed that 26 of the 40 participants applied the 450-volt electroshock, albeit in a restless manner. As this experiment shows, under normal circumstances, a compassionate and thoughtful person can do what he or she feels obliged to do in the face of strict management and authority and make someone suffer. The person, however innocent and harmless, can become a powerful weapon in the face of authority.

So ordinary people can be part of the process of destruction. There are very few people who can resist and rebel against authority, even though the evil of what they are doing is obvious.

Participants accepted the experiment by knowing what experiment they were, and these participants were found through a newspaper advertisement. They were also tested to make sure they didn't have any physical or psychological problems. All of them are middle-class, college students from similar backgrounds. Eighteen students participated in the experiment and it was decided by tossing a coin which one would be the guard and which one would be the prisoner.

Zimbardo wanted this experiment to be as realistic as possible, so he had the detainees arrested on random days when they least expected them, and the arrests were faithfully arrested by the university's regional police station. After fingerprints were taken and photographs of the prison were taken, they were given prisoner uniforms. After that, the participants were placed in the artificial prison set up in the basement of Stanford University, and each inmate was given a number.

Zimbardo held a meeting with the participants who played the guards before the experiment began and warned that they could not do any physical harm to the detainees, but Zimbardo stated that they could use other methods to control the detainees. Just like the detainees, the guards were also given uniforms and truncheons. These batons will be used to threaten physical violence, not physical violence. The guards were also told that they should call the detainees not by their names, but by the numbers given to the detainees. The guards are free to do whatever it takes to maintain law and order.

The first day of the experiment passed without incident. That is, the detainees have not yet grasped the seriousness of the matter, and the guards still feel awkward when giving them orders. In the days that followed, things slowly changed. The detainees got very bored with this situation and started their first rebellion against the guards. For example, they locked themselves in their rooms. The guards accepted this as an insult to their false authority and started the fight. In response, the detainees began tearing up their numbers and hurling insults at the guards for a counter-reaction. At some point, the guards began to see the detainees as dangerous people who really needed to be controlled. After these thoughts, they went further and exhibited punitive attitudes such as stripping the detainees naked. The guards suppressed these riots and imprisoned the rebels in isolation rooms. The detainees began to deteriorate after 36 hours, and the first detainee was excluded from the experiment because of depressive symptoms and aggressive behavior. The situation started to become even more dire, for example, the detainees started a hunger strike. In response, the guards were forced to exercise until the detainees were exhausted and did not allow them to go to the toilet, forcing them to do it in buckets and not letting them empty the buckets. At the same time, the guards basically aim to turn them against each other and intimidate them.

Zimbardo also put himself in this situation by playing the prison warden. He never realized that the experiment had gotten out of control, and now on the sixth day of the experiment, his girlfriend came to visit the prison and he was so horrified by the sight that he asked Zimbardo to stop the experiment. Zimbardo saw the truth after an outsider showed him the truth and eventually decided to end the experiment early. When Zimbardo made this decision, it was the sixth day of the experiment, and half of the prisoners had a serious mental breakdown. None of the guards left the experiment early.

What is the Little Albert Case?

The Little Albert Case is a famous experiment performed by psychologist John B. Watson in the 1920s. The experiment was designed to examine how a child's fears and phobias can be developed through behavioral conditioning. The child chosen for the experiment was a 9-month-old baby, Albert.

The experiment began using Albert's natural fears. For example, when the experiment started, Albert was comfortable in front of a white rabbit. However, Watson and her assistant, Rosalie Rayner, managed to trigger Albert's fear by blasting a loud noise while pointing at the white rabbit to elicit Albert's fears. This caused Albert to have a fearful reaction to other white objects as well as the white rabbit.

In further experiments, Watson and Rayner extended Albert's fears to other objects. For example, in addition to the white rabbit Albert loved, a white woolen hat, a white mouse, and even a white box of gum also caused Albert's fearful reaction.

Consequences of the Little Albert Case

The Little Albert Case made an important contribution to classical conditioning theory in psychology. This theory proposes that a stimulus (rabbit, hat, mouse, etc.) can trigger a response (fear, anxiety, etc.) and that this response can also be developed against repeated stimuli. This theory is still used today to understand human behavior.

The implications of the Little Albert Case are important not only in psychology but also in ethics. Experimentation is unethical by today's standards and can harm children's psychological health. This experiment shows that it is unethical to conduct experiments that could harm people's psychological health, and today researchers are more sensitive to the safety of participants.

The Little Albert Case also shows that human behavior is influenced by environmental factors. Albert's fears stem from the stimuli he was exposed to during the experiment. Therefore, it teaches an important lesson that environmental factors must also be considered in order to understand human behavior.

Contemporary Effects of the Little Albert Case

The Little Albert Case is still debated today. Some researchers argue that the results of the experiment are unreliable, while others believe in the validity of the experiment. However, the Little Albert Case is an important learning tool in how human behavior can be changed through conditioning and is still used in education today.

The Little Albert Case is also important for fear therapy. This experiment, which showed that fears can be created through conditioning, helped to use methods such as behavioral therapy to treat fears.

The Little Albert Case is one of psychology's most important experiments and provides an important lesson in how human behavior can be changed through conditioning. However, it should be noted that the experiment is ethically unacceptable and cannot be used today. Today, researchers in the field of psychology are more sensitive about the safety of participants and carry out their studies by considering ethical principles.

The Bobo Doll Experiment is one of the most important examples of social learning theory. The experiment was designed to understand how people learn their behaviors. It is of great importance in the field of psychology learning and explains many factors that influence people's behaviors.

Description of the Experiment

The experiment was conducted by Albert Bandura in 1961. A group of children were brought into a room and shown a film of an adult model hitting a doll called a Bobo Doll. After the adult hit the doll, the children were given toys and allowed to play in the room to observe their behavior.

As a result of the experiment, most of the children hit the Bobo Doll using the toys they were given. This showed that the children imitated and learned the model's behavior.

Results of the Experiment

The Bobo Doll Experiment explains many factors that influence people's behaviors. People tend to imitate the behaviors of others, and children are especially prone to this tendency. Additionally, the likelihood of children imitating a model's behavior depends on the model's characteristics and the consequences of their behavior. Therefore, the characteristics and behavior of the model play an important role in the children's learning process.

The Bobo Doll Experiment has made a significant contribution to learning theories in psychology. The experiment shows that people's behaviors are influenced by the behaviors of those around them. Therefore, this experiment is an important tool for understanding the impact of social interactions on human behavior.